Vacuum plasma sprayed porous titanium coating on polyetheretherketone for ACDF improves the osteogenic ability: An in vitro and in vivo study

Cervical degenerative disease is a common and frequently occurring disease, which seriously affects the health and quality of the life of patients worldwide. Anterior cervical decompression and interbody fusion is currently recognized as the gold standard for the treatment of degenerative cervical spondylosis. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become the prevailing material for cervical fusion surgery. Although PEEK has excellent biocompatibility, it is difficult to form bone connection at its bone-implant interface due to its low surface hydrophilicity and conductivity. It is widely accepted that Ti has excellent osteogenic activity and biocompatibility. In this study, a Ti-PEEK composite cage was prepared by coating Ti on the surface of a PEEK cage using a vacuum plasma spraying technique to enhance the osteogenic property of PEEK. The Ti-PEEK samples were evaluated in terms of their in vitro cellular behaviors and in vivo osteointegration, and the results were compared to a pure PEEK substrate. The skeleton staining and MTS assay indicated that the MC3T3-E1 cells spread and grew well on the surface of Ti-PEEK cages. The osteogenic gene expression and western blot analysis of osteogenic protein showed upregulated bone-forming activity of MC3T3-E1 cells in Ti-PEEK cages. Furthermore, a significant increase in new bone formation was demonstrated on Ti-PEEK implants in comparison with PEEK implants at 12 weeks in a sheep cervical spine fusion test. These results proved that the Ti-PEEK cage exhibited enhanced osseointegrative properties compared to the PEEK cage both in vitro and in vivo.