TY - JOUR
T1 - The multifaceted role of the viral 2A protease in enterovirus replication and antagonism of host antiviral responses
AU - Schipper, Jelle G
AU - Aloise, Chiara
AU - Sutter, Sereina O
AU - Zwaagstra, Marleen
AU - van Vliet, Arno L W
AU - Abdelnabi, Rana
AU - Ignacio, Bob
AU - Bonger, Kimberly M
AU - Roelofs, Dagmar
AU - van den Brand, Judith M A
AU - Wubbolts, Richard W
AU - Bruurs, Lucas J M
AU - Thibaut, Hendrik Jan
AU - Neyts, Johan
AU - Tanenbaum, Marvin E
AU - van Kuppeveld, Frank J M
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Schipper et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
PY - 2025/8/28
Y1 - 2025/8/28
N2 - Enteroviruses dramatically remodel the cellular infrastructure for efficient replication and curtailing host antiviral responses. The roles of viral proteins in these processes have been studied mostly in vitro, by ectopic overexpression, or by surrogate infection systems, all of which have shortcomings. Here, we replace the essential 2A cleavage site at the P1-P2 junction with an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3CD cleavage site, or T2A sequence, allowing us to catalytically inactivate 2Apro in the virus context. Viruses with an inactive 2Apro are hampered in replication in cell lines and are severely attenuated in a Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) mouse pancreatitis infection model. We show that 2Apro is essential for disturbing nucleocytoplasmic transport, shutting down host mRNA translation, suppressing stress granule formation, suppressing the induction of the IFN response, and overcoming IFN-induced restriction factors. Moreover, using an advanced single-molecule live cell imaging approach, we reveal that 2Apro is important for the initial round of replication of the incoming viral RNA, which is a bottleneck for efficient infection. Thus, 2Apro plays a critical role in subverting antiviral responses and establishing a favorable environment to expedite enterovirus replication.
AB - Enteroviruses dramatically remodel the cellular infrastructure for efficient replication and curtailing host antiviral responses. The roles of viral proteins in these processes have been studied mostly in vitro, by ectopic overexpression, or by surrogate infection systems, all of which have shortcomings. Here, we replace the essential 2A cleavage site at the P1-P2 junction with an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3CD cleavage site, or T2A sequence, allowing us to catalytically inactivate 2Apro in the virus context. Viruses with an inactive 2Apro are hampered in replication in cell lines and are severely attenuated in a Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) mouse pancreatitis infection model. We show that 2Apro is essential for disturbing nucleocytoplasmic transport, shutting down host mRNA translation, suppressing stress granule formation, suppressing the induction of the IFN response, and overcoming IFN-induced restriction factors. Moreover, using an advanced single-molecule live cell imaging approach, we reveal that 2Apro is important for the initial round of replication of the incoming viral RNA, which is a bottleneck for efficient infection. Thus, 2Apro plays a critical role in subverting antiviral responses and establishing a favorable environment to expedite enterovirus replication.
U2 - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013443
DO - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013443
M3 - Article
C2 - 40875754
SN - 1553-7366
VL - 21
JO - PLoS pathogens
JF - PLoS pathogens
IS - 8 August
M1 - e1013443
ER -