The definition of polytrauma revisited: An international consensus process and proposal of the new 'Berlin definition'

Background: The nomenclature for patients with multiple injuries with high mortality rates is highly variable, and there is a lack of a uniform definition of the term polytrauma. A consensus process was therefore initiated by a panel of international experts with the goal of assessing an improved, database-supported definition for the polytraumatized patient. Methods: The consensus process involved the following: 1. Expert panel. Multiple meetings and consensus discussions (members: European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery [ESTES], American Association for the Surgery of Trauma [AAST], German Trauma Society [DGU], and British Trauma Society [BTS]). 2. Literature review (original articles before June 8, 2014). 3. A priori assumptions by the expert panel. The basis for a new definition should include the Injury Severity Score (ISS) based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS); ''A patient classified as polytraumatized should have a mortality rate of approximately 30%, twice above the established mortality of ISS > 15.'' 4. Database-derived resources. Deductive calculation of parameters based on a nationwide trauma registry (TraumaRegister DGU) with the following inclusion criteria: multiple injuries and need for intensive care therapy. RESULTS: A total of 28,211 patients in the trauma registry met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age of the study cohort was 42.9 (20.2) years (72% males, 28% females). The mean (SD) ISS was 30.5 (12.2), with an overall mortality rate of 18.7% (n = 5,277) and an incidence of 3% of penetrating injuries (n = 886). Five independent physiologic variables were identified, and their individual cutoff values were calculated based on a set mortality rate of 30%: hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mm Hg), level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score ≤ 8), acidosis (base excesse≤ 6.0), coagulopathy (international normalized ratio ≥ 1.4/partial thromboplastin time ≥ 40 seconds), and age (≥ 70 years). Conclusion: Based on several consensus meetings and a database analysis, the expert panel proposes the following parameters for a definition of ''polytrauma'': significant injuries of three or more points in two or more different anatomic AIS regions in conjunction with one or more additional variables from the five physiologic parameters. Further validation of this proposal should occur, favorably by mutivariate analyses of these parameters in a separate data set.