Statins Promote Cardiac Infarct Healing by Modulating Endothelial Barrier Function Revealed by Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective - The endothelium has a crucial role in wound healing, acting as a barrier to control transit of leukocytes. Endothelial barrier function is impaired in atherosclerosis preceding myocardial infarction (MI). Besides lowering lipids, statins modulate endothelial function. Here, we noninvasively tested whether statins affect permeability at the inflammatory (day 3) and the reparative (day 7) phase of infarct healing post-MI using contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Approach and Results - Noninvasive permeability mapping by MRI after MI in C57BL/6, atherosclerotic ApoE -/-, and statin-treated ApoE -/- mice was correlated to subsequent left ventricular outcome by structural and functional cardiac MRI. Ex vivo histology, flow cytometry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed on infarct regions. Increased vascular permeability at ApoE -/- infarcts was observed compared with C57BL/6 infarcts, predicting enhanced left ventricular dilation at day 21 post-MI by MRI volumetry. Statin treatment improved vascular barrier function at ApoE -/- infarcts, indicated by reduced permeability. The infarcted tissue of ApoE -/- mice 3 days post-MI displayed an unbalanced Vegfa(vascular endothelial growth factor A)/Angpt1 (angiopoetin-1) expression ratio (explaining leakage-prone vessels), associated with higher amounts of CD45 + leukocytes and inflammatory LY6C hi monocytes. Statins reversed the unbalanced Vegfa/Angpt1 expression, normalizing endothelial barrier function at the infarct and blocking the augmented recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes in statin-treated ApoE -/- mice. Conclusions - Statins lowered permeability and reduced the transit of unfavorable inflammatory leukocytes into the infarcted tissue, consequently improving left ventricular outcome.