Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx and upper oesophagus

Carcinomas in the mouth and throat may present as an ulcer, a lump, a red or white patch, difficulty swallowing or unexplained pain. Early detection of small tumours is associated with prolonged survival, but for cases that present late the 5-year survival rate is only 50%. Surgery is often the treatment of choice, with postoperative radiotherapy given to prevent recurrence. Treatment for advanced carcinomas has a major impact on speech, swallowing and appearance. A small proportion of these carcinomas are associated with a visible precursor lesion and modification of risk factors remains key to preventing tumour development.