Psychological and physical environmental factors in the development of incontinence in adults and children: A comprehensive review

The aim of this review was to identify etiological environmental factors related to incontinence in children and adults. A variety of etiological environmental factors for the development of incontinence were identifi ed. In children, these encompass stressful life events and trauma, family dysfunction, parental psychopathology, school-related stressors, toilet or "potty" training, fl uid consumption habits, housing conditions, and the availability of toilets. In adults, physical exercise, obesity, working conditions, fl uid intake, and the availability of toilets play a role. Intervening variables such as hormonal variations due to work shifts have also been identifi ed as infl uencing the likelihood of incontinence. Current research suggests that environmental factors influence the development of incontinence in children and adults. The interactions between biological factors, the immediate environment, and intervening variables need to be explored in greater detail. Practical solutions to reduce barriers to adequate fl uid intake and healthy toileting habits should be implemented in school and work settings.