Psychiatry under high tension: The history of electroconvulsive therapy in the Netherlands

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has a tumultuous history in the Netherlands. It was found to have particularly favorable results in patients with severe depression or catatonia. Inconvenient side effects such as fractures, muscle tears and memory loss, however, became apparent. Due to technical developments and application of anesthesia, these side effects decreased considerably. In the 1960s, the use of ECT decreased due to the rise of psychopharmaceuticals and the emergence of the antipsychiatry movement. The procedure regained popularity in the 1980s, following the favorable, yet cautious recommendations of the Dutch Health Council. Nevertheless, the use of ECT still remains limited today. The public outcry over the treatment has left its mark, leaving the sometimes life-saving treatment with a poor image. An overview of the historical development of ECT in the Netherlands may help to understand the significant stigma and fear of side effects patients continue to experience today.