Policy Perspectives on Challenges, Barriers and Potential Enablers of Large-Scale AI-Driven Solutions in Cardiology

The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cardiology offers substantial opportunities for optimising clinical care, but also brings regulatory, ethical, and technical challenges. This study explores policymakers' and stakeholders' perspectives on the barriers and enablers of large-scale AI implementation in cardiovascular healthcare. A transnational survey was conducted among policymakers, regulators, and healthcare stakeholders across 11 European Union countries, Turkey, and Peru. The findings indicate a consensus that, although current AI regulations offer a basic foundation, healthcare policies are still insufficient for effective AI integration. Key concerns include data privacy, algorithm transparency, liability, and the evolving nature of AI, which hinder long-term regulatory compliance. Respondents emphasised the importance of improving AI literacy, strengthening cybersecurity, and ensuring interoperability within healthcare systems. Despite these challenges, AI is recognised for its potential to enhance diagnostics, personalise care, and optimise healthcare resources. Collaboration among stakeholders, adaptive regulatory frameworks, and innovative evaluation approaches are essential to foster trust and sustainable implementation. The insights from this work may be extended beyond cardiology, offering valuable guidance for AI adoption across various healthcare domains.