Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: A matched case-control study in the Netherlands

Rosario Toro; George S. Downward; Marianne van der Mark; Maartje Brouwer; Anke Huss; Susan Peters; Gerard Hoek; Peter Nijssen; Wim M. Mulleners; Antonetta Sas; Teus van Laar; Hans Kromhout; Roel Vermeulen

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069

Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: A matched case-control study in the Netherlands

Rosario Toro, George S. Downward^*, Marianne van der Mark, Maartje Brouwer, Anke Huss, Susan Peters, Gerard Hoek, Peter Nijssen, Wim M. Mulleners, Antonetta Sas, Teus van Laar, Hans Kromhout, Roel Vermeulen

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is some evidence to suggest an association between ambient air pollution and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the small number of studies published to date has reported inconsistent findings.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution constituents and the development of PD.

METHODS: Air pollution exposures (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm [PM 10], <2.5 μm [PM 2.5], between 2.5 μm and 10 μm [PM coarse], black carbon, and nitrogen oxides [NO 2 and NO x]) were predicted based on land-use regression models developed within the "European Study for Air Pollution Effects" (ESCAPE) study, for a Dutch PD case-control study. A total of 1290 subjects (436 cases and 854 controls). were included and 16 years of exposure were estimated (average participant starting age: 53). Exposures were categorized and conditional logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between ambient air pollution and PD.

RESULTS: Overall, no significant, positive relationship between ambient air pollutants and PD was observed. The odds ratio (OR) for PD associated with an increase from the first quartile of NO 2 (<22.8 μg/m 3) and the fourth (>30.4 μg/m 3) was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.41). For PM 2.5 where the contrast in exposure was more limited, the OR associated with an increase from the first quartile PM 2.5 (<21.2 μg/m3) to the fourth (>22.3 μg/m3) was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.24, 1.01). In a subset of the population with long-term residential stability (n = 632), an increased risk of PD was observed (e.g. OR for Q4 vs Q1 NO 2:1.37, 95% CI: 0.71, 2.67).

CONCLUSIONS: We found no clear association between 16 years of residential exposure to ambient air pollution and the development of PD in The Netherlands.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	28-34
Number of pages	7
Journal	Environment International
Volume	129
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069
Publication status	Published - 1 Aug 2019

Keywords

Air pollution
Land-use regression
Long-term exposure
Parkinson's disease
Humans
Middle Aged
Male
Case-Control Studies
Air Pollution/analysis
Parkinson Disease/epidemiology
Air Pollutants/analysis
Environmental Exposure/analysis
Female
Particulate Matter/analysis
Soot/analysis
Aged
Netherlands/epidemiology
Nitrogen Oxides/analysis

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10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069

1-s2.0-S0160412019300984-mainFinal published version, 226 KBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

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Toro, R., Downward, G. S., van der Mark, M., Brouwer, M., Huss, A., Peters, S., Hoek, G., Nijssen, P., Mulleners, W. M., Sas, A., van Laar, T., Kromhout, H., & Vermeulen, R. (2019). Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: A matched case-control study in the Netherlands. Environment International, 129, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069

@article{e24906eac2bf477aa8288c349cf58759,

title = "Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: A matched case-control study in the Netherlands",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: There is some evidence to suggest an association between ambient air pollution and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the small number of studies published to date has reported inconsistent findings.OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution constituents and the development of PD.METHODS: Air pollution exposures (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm [PM 10], <2.5 μm [PM 2.5], between 2.5 μm and 10 μm [PM coarse], black carbon, and nitrogen oxides [NO 2 and NO x]) were predicted based on land-use regression models developed within the {"}European Study for Air Pollution Effects{"} (ESCAPE) study, for a Dutch PD case-control study. A total of 1290 subjects (436 cases and 854 controls). were included and 16 years of exposure were estimated (average participant starting age: 53). Exposures were categorized and conditional logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between ambient air pollution and PD. RESULTS: Overall, no significant, positive relationship between ambient air pollutants and PD was observed. The odds ratio (OR) for PD associated with an increase from the first quartile of NO 2 (<22.8 μg/m 3) and the fourth (>30.4 μg/m 3) was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.41). For PM 2.5 where the contrast in exposure was more limited, the OR associated with an increase from the first quartile PM 2.5 (<21.2 μg/m3) to the fourth (>22.3 μg/m3) was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.24, 1.01). In a subset of the population with long-term residential stability (n = 632), an increased risk of PD was observed (e.g. OR for Q4 vs Q1 NO 2:1.37, 95% CI: 0.71, 2.67). CONCLUSIONS: We found no clear association between 16 years of residential exposure to ambient air pollution and the development of PD in The Netherlands.",

keywords = "Air pollution, Land-use regression, Long-term exposure, Parkinson's disease, Humans, Middle Aged, Male, Case-Control Studies, Air Pollution/analysis, Parkinson Disease/epidemiology, Air Pollutants/analysis, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Female, Particulate Matter/analysis, Soot/analysis, Aged, Netherlands/epidemiology, Nitrogen Oxides/analysis",

author = "Rosario Toro and Downward, {George S.} and {van der Mark}, Marianne and Maartje Brouwer and Anke Huss and Susan Peters and Gerard Hoek and Peter Nijssen and Mulleners, {Wim M.} and Antonetta Sas and {van Laar}, Teus and Hans Kromhout and Roel Vermeulen",

year = "2019",

month = aug,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069",

language = "English",

volume = "129",

pages = "28--34",

journal = "Environment International",

issn = "0160-4120",

publisher = "Elsevier Limited",

}

Toro, R, Downward, GS, van der Mark, M, Brouwer, M, Huss, A, Peters, S, Hoek, G, Nijssen, P, Mulleners, WM, Sas, A, van Laar, T, Kromhout, H & Vermeulen, R 2019, 'Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: A matched case-control study in the Netherlands', Environment International, vol. 129, pp. 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069

TY - JOUR

T1 - Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution

T2 - A matched case-control study in the Netherlands

AU - Toro, Rosario

AU - Downward, George S.

AU - van der Mark, Marianne

AU - Brouwer, Maartje

AU - Huss, Anke

AU - Peters, Susan

AU - Hoek, Gerard

AU - Nijssen, Peter

AU - Mulleners, Wim M.

AU - Sas, Antonetta

AU - van Laar, Teus

AU - Kromhout, Hans

AU - Vermeulen, Roel

PY - 2019/8/1

Y1 - 2019/8/1

N2 - BACKGROUND: There is some evidence to suggest an association between ambient air pollution and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the small number of studies published to date has reported inconsistent findings.OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution constituents and the development of PD.METHODS: Air pollution exposures (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm [PM 10], <2.5 μm [PM 2.5], between 2.5 μm and 10 μm [PM coarse], black carbon, and nitrogen oxides [NO 2 and NO x]) were predicted based on land-use regression models developed within the "European Study for Air Pollution Effects" (ESCAPE) study, for a Dutch PD case-control study. A total of 1290 subjects (436 cases and 854 controls). were included and 16 years of exposure were estimated (average participant starting age: 53). Exposures were categorized and conditional logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between ambient air pollution and PD. RESULTS: Overall, no significant, positive relationship between ambient air pollutants and PD was observed. The odds ratio (OR) for PD associated with an increase from the first quartile of NO 2 (<22.8 μg/m 3) and the fourth (>30.4 μg/m 3) was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.41). For PM 2.5 where the contrast in exposure was more limited, the OR associated with an increase from the first quartile PM 2.5 (<21.2 μg/m3) to the fourth (>22.3 μg/m3) was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.24, 1.01). In a subset of the population with long-term residential stability (n = 632), an increased risk of PD was observed (e.g. OR for Q4 vs Q1 NO 2:1.37, 95% CI: 0.71, 2.67). CONCLUSIONS: We found no clear association between 16 years of residential exposure to ambient air pollution and the development of PD in The Netherlands.

AB - BACKGROUND: There is some evidence to suggest an association between ambient air pollution and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the small number of studies published to date has reported inconsistent findings.OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution constituents and the development of PD.METHODS: Air pollution exposures (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm [PM 10], <2.5 μm [PM 2.5], between 2.5 μm and 10 μm [PM coarse], black carbon, and nitrogen oxides [NO 2 and NO x]) were predicted based on land-use regression models developed within the "European Study for Air Pollution Effects" (ESCAPE) study, for a Dutch PD case-control study. A total of 1290 subjects (436 cases and 854 controls). were included and 16 years of exposure were estimated (average participant starting age: 53). Exposures were categorized and conditional logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between ambient air pollution and PD. RESULTS: Overall, no significant, positive relationship between ambient air pollutants and PD was observed. The odds ratio (OR) for PD associated with an increase from the first quartile of NO 2 (<22.8 μg/m 3) and the fourth (>30.4 μg/m 3) was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.41). For PM 2.5 where the contrast in exposure was more limited, the OR associated with an increase from the first quartile PM 2.5 (<21.2 μg/m3) to the fourth (>22.3 μg/m3) was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.24, 1.01). In a subset of the population with long-term residential stability (n = 632), an increased risk of PD was observed (e.g. OR for Q4 vs Q1 NO 2:1.37, 95% CI: 0.71, 2.67). CONCLUSIONS: We found no clear association between 16 years of residential exposure to ambient air pollution and the development of PD in The Netherlands.

KW - Air pollution

KW - Land-use regression

KW - Long-term exposure

KW - Parkinson's disease

KW - Humans

KW - Middle Aged

KW - Male

KW - Case-Control Studies

KW - Air Pollution/analysis

KW - Parkinson Disease/epidemiology

KW - Air Pollutants/analysis

KW - Environmental Exposure/analysis

KW - Female

KW - Particulate Matter/analysis

KW - Soot/analysis

KW - Aged

KW - Netherlands/epidemiology

KW - Nitrogen Oxides/analysis

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85065671474&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069

DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.069

M3 - Article

C2 - 31103844

AN - SCOPUS:85065671474

SN - 0160-4120

VL - 129

SP - 28

EP - 34

JO - Environment International

JF - Environment International

ER -

Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: A matched case-control study in the Netherlands

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