Multimodality imaging in advanced heart failure. A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC. Part 1: Multimodality imaging for the evaluation of patients with advanced heart failure

Heart failure (HF) represents a significant global health burden, with approximately 10% of patients progressing to advanced stages characterized by severe symptoms and recurrent hospitalizations despite conventional treatments such as guideline-directed medical therapy, devices, and surgery. This clinical consensus statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology discusses the applications of imaging modalities in patients with advanced HF. Transthoracic echocardiography remains the cornerstone for initial diagnosis and monitoring, providing critical insights into cardiac volumes, function, and valvular integrity, as well as congestion status. Transoesophageal echocardiography offers detailed evaluations of valve pathology, essential for surgical or transcatheter planning. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance provides comprehensive assessments of biventricular size and function, tissue characterization, and flow dynamics, proving particularly useful for diagnosing specific HF aetiologies. Computed tomography offers valuable insights into pulmonary artery diameter, right ventricular volume, and valvular anatomy, which are crucial for guiding percutaneous procedures. Nuclear imaging techniques allow assessing viability and diagnosing non-ischaemic HF conditions, guiding revascularization decisions. Advanced imaging techniques have expanded the understanding and management of right ventricular dysfunction. The integration of these advanced imaging modalities enhances diagnostic accuracy, risk stratification, and therapeutic decision-making, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life for patients with advanced HF. This clinical consensus statement highlights the critical role of various imaging modalities in managing patients with advanced HF, excluding those needing mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation, emphasizing the multifaceted approach required for effective management.