@article{9ebf2c77430447f18898a15dd9ace328,
title = "Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: Review and recommendations",
abstract = " Proton MRS ( 1 H MRS) provides noninvasive, quantitative metabolite profiles of tissue and has been shown to aid the clinical management of several brain diseases. Although most modern clinical MR scanners support MRS capabilities, routine use is largely restricted to specialized centers with good access to MR research support. Widespread adoption has been slow for several reasons, and technical challenges toward obtaining reliable good-quality results have been identified as a contributing factor. Considerable progress has been made by the research community to address many of these challenges, and in this paper a consensus is presented on deficiencies in widely available MRS methodology and validated improvements that are currently in routine use at several clinical research institutions. In particular, the localization error for the PRESS localization sequence was found to be unacceptably high at 3 T, and use of the semi-adiabatic localization by adiabatic selective refocusing sequence is a recommended solution. Incorporation of simulated metabolite basis sets into analysis routines is recommended for reliably capturing the full spectral detail available from short TE acquisitions. In addition, the importance of achieving a highly homogenous static magnetic field (B 0 ) in the acquisition region is emphasized, and the limitations of current methods and hardware are discussed. Most recommendations require only software improvements, greatly enhancing the capabilities of clinical MRS on existing hardware. Implementation of these recommendations should strengthen current clinical applications and advance progress toward developing and validating new MRS biomarkers for clinical use. ",
keywords = "brain, consensus, metabolites, MRS, semi-LASER, shimming, Protons, Brain/diagnostic imaging, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Consensus",
author = "Martin Wilson and Ovidiu Andronesi and Barker, {Peter B.} and Robert Bartha and Alberto Bizzi and Bolan, {Patrick J.} and Brindle, {Kevin M.} and Choi, {In Young} and Cristina Cudalbu and Ulrike Dydak and Emir, {Uzay E.} and Gonzalez, {Ramon G.} and Stephan Gruber and Rolf Gruetter and Gupta, {Rakesh K.} and Arend Heerschap and Anke Henning and Hetherington, {Hoby P.} and Huppi, {Petra S.} and Hurd, {Ralph E.} and Kejal Kantarci and Kauppinen, {Risto A.} and Klomp, {Dennis W.J.} and Roland Kreis and Kruiskamp, {Marijn J.} and Leach, {Martin O.} and Lin, {Alexander P.} and Luijten, {Peter R.} and Ma{\l}gorzata Marja{\'n}ska and Maudsley, {Andrew A.} and Meyerhoff, {Dieter J.} and Mountford, {Carolyn E.} and Mullins, {Paul G.} and Murdoch, {James B.} and Nelson, {Sarah J.} and Ralph Noeske and G{\"u}lin {\"O}z and Pan, {Julie W.} and Peet, {Andrew C.} and Harish Poptani and Stefan Posse and Ratai, {Eva Maria} and Nouha Salibi and Scheenen, {Tom W.J.} and Smith, {Ian C.P.} and Soher, {Brian J.} and Ivan Tk{\'a}{\v c} and Vigneron, {Daniel B.} and Howe, {Franklyn A.}",
note = "Funding Information: The following authors drafted specific sections contained within this paper: Robert Bartha, In-Young Choi, Cristina Cudalbu, Anke Henning, Hoby P. Hetherington, Franklyn A. Howe, Kejal Kantarci, Dennis W. J. Klomp, Roland Kreis, Alexander P. Lin, Malgorzata Marjanska, Andrew A. Maudsley, Paul G. Mullins, Sarah J. Nelson, G{\"u}lin {\"O}z, Julie W. Pan, Harish Poptani, Stefan Posse, Eva-Maria Ratai, and Martin Wilson. Figure 3 was provided by Yan Li (University of California, San Francisco). Martin Wilson, Franklyn A. Howe, and G{\"u}lin {\"O}z played a primary role in editing the contributed text and drafting the final version of the manuscript. It is with great sadness that the MRS Consensus Group would like to dedicate this paper to Professor Sarah Nelson in memory of her outstanding work in the field of metabolic imaging. She was an exceptional scientist with great vision for translating advanced MRS methods towards clinical practice. Sarah will be greatly missed by the MR community as a dedicated scientist, leader, mentor and friend. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine",
year = "2019",
month = aug,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/mrm.27742",
language = "English",
volume = "82",
pages = "527--550",
journal = "Magnetic Resonance in Medicine",
issn = "0740-3194",
publisher = "John Wiley & Sons Inc.",
number = "2",
}