@article{2bfac7596f974ef19585e5cfdadb1f29,
title = "Long-term cognitive trajectories and heterogeneity in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings",
abstract = "Objective: This study aimed to assess the heterogeneity and stability of cognition in patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder and their unaffected siblings. In addition, we aimed to predict the cognitive subtypes of siblings by their probands. Method: Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 and 6 years in 1119 patients, 1059 siblings and 586 controls from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identify trajectories and clustered multinomial logistic regression analysis was used for prediction modeling. A composite score of eight neurocognitive tests was used to measure cognitive performance. Results: Five stable cognitive trajectories ranging from severely altered to high cognitive performance were identified in patients. Likewise, four stable trajectories ranging from moderately altered to high performance were found in siblings. Siblings had a higher risk of cognitive alteration when patients{\textquoteright} alteration was mild (OR = 2.21), moderate (OR = 5.70), and severe (OR = 10.07) compared with patients with intact cognitive function. The familial correlation coefficient between pairs of index patients and their siblings was 0.27 (P = 0.003). Conclusions: The cognitive profiles identified in the current study might be suitable as endophenotypes and could be used in future genetic studies and predicting functional and clinical outcomes.",
keywords = "cognition, cognitive impairment, psychosis, schizophrenia, Endophenotypes, Humans, Male, Models, Statistical, Cognitive Dysfunction/classification, Young Adult, Adult, Female, Schizophrenia/classification, Psychotic Disorders/classification, Longitudinal Studies, Siblings",
author = "Islam, {Md A.} and Habtewold, {T. D.} and {van Es}, {F. D.} and Quee, {P. J.} and {van den Heuvel}, {E. R.} and Alizadeh, {B. Z.} and R. Bruggeman and Bartels-Velthuis, {Agna A.} and {van Beveren}, {Nico J.} and Wiepke Cahn and {de Haan}, Lieuwe and Philippe Delespaul and Meijer, {Carin J.} and Inez Myin-Germeys and Kahn, {Rene S.} and Frederike Schirmbeck and Simons, {Claudia J.P.} and {van Amelsvoort}, Therese and {van Haren}, {Neeltje E.} and {van Os}, Jim and {van Winkel}, Ruud",
note = "Funding Information: TD is funded by a scholarship from Graduates School of Medical Science, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. This work was supported by Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Health Research Council (Zon-Mw) (10-000-1001), and matching funds from participating pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck; AstraZeneca; Eli Lilly and Janssen Cilag) and, universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ Ingeest; Arkin, Dijk en Duin; GGZ Rivierduinen; Erasmus Medical Centre and GGZ Noord Holland Noord. Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland; GGZ Drenthe; Dimence; Mediant; GGNet Warnsveld; Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia psycho-medical center The Hague. Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGZ Eindhoven en De Kempen; GGZ Breburg; GGZ Oost-Brabant; Vincent van Gogh voor Geestelijke Gezondheid; Mondriaan; Virenze riagg; Zuyderland GGZ; MET ggz; Universitair Centrum Sint-Jozef Kortenberg; CAPRI University of Antwerp; PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden; PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden; GGZ Overpelt and OPZ Rekem. Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions: Altrecht; GGZ Centraal and Delta). The sponsors have no role in designing the study, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. We are grateful for the generosity of time and effort by the patients, their families, and healthy subjects. Furthermore, we would like to thank all research personnel involved in the GROUP project, in particular: Joyce van Baaren, Erwin Veermans, Ger Driessen, Truda Driesen, Karin Pos, Erna van ?t Hag, Jessica de Nijs, Wendy Beuken, and Debora Op ?t Eijnde. Funding Information: TD is funded by a scholarship from Graduates School of Medical Science, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. This work was supported by Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Health Research Council (Zon-Mw) (10-000-1001), and matching funds from participating pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck; AstraZeneca; Eli Lilly and Janssen Cilag) and, universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ Ingeest; Arkin, Dijk en Duin; GGZ Rivierduinen; Erasmus Medical Centre and GGZ Noord Holland Noord. Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland; GGZ Drenthe; Dimence; Mediant; GGNet Warnsveld; Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia psycho-medical center The Hague. Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGZ Eindhoven en De Kem-pen; GGZ Breburg; GGZ Oost-Brabant; Vincent van Gogh voor Geestelijke Gezondheid; Mondri-aan; Virenze riagg; Zuyderland GGZ; MET ggz; Universitair Centrum Sint-Jozef Kortenberg; CAPRI University of Antwerp; PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden; PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden; GGZ Overpelt and OPZ Rekem. Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions: Altrecht; GGZ Centraal and Delta). The sponsors have no role in designing the study, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 The Authors Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd",
year = "2018",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/acps.12961",
language = "English",
volume = "138",
pages = "591--604",
journal = "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica",
issn = "0001-690X",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "6",
}