Late reproduction is associated with extended female survival but not with familial longevity

Research question: Are age at last childbirth and number of children, as facets of female reproductive health, related to individual lifespan or familial longevity? Design: This observational study included 10,255 female participants from a multigenerational historical cohort, the LINKing System for historical family reconstruction (LINKS), and 1258 female participants from 651 long-lived families in the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS). Age at last childbirth and number of children, as outcomes of reproductive success, were compared with individual and familial longevity using the LINKS dataset. In addition, the genetic predisposition in the form of a polygenic risk score (PRS) for age at menopause was studied in relation to familial longevity using the LLS dataset. Results: For each year increase in the age of the birth of the last child, a woman's lifespan increased by 0.06 years (22 days; P = 0.002). The yearly risk for having a last child was 9% lower in women who survived to the oldest 10% of their birth cohort (hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.86–0.95). Women who came from long-living families did not have a higher mean age of last childbirth. There was no significant association between familial longevity and genetic predisposition to age at menopause. Conclusions: Female reproductive health associates with a longer lifespan. Familial longevity does not associate to extended reproductive health. Other factors in somatic maintenance that support a longer lifespan are likely to have an impact on reproductive health.