TY - JOUR
T1 - Impact of adherence and stringency on the effectiveness of lockdown measures
T2 - A modelling study
AU - Brunekreef, Joren
AU - Teslya, Alexandra
AU - Buskens, Vincent
AU - Nunner, Hendrik
AU - Kretzschmar, Mirjam
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Brunekreef et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
PY - 2025/12/19
Y1 - 2025/12/19
N2 - During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns were a widely used strategy to reduce disease transmission. However, there was much debate about the optimal level of strictness and duration of lockdowns. This study considers how lockdowns impact public health opinions, which in turn influence adherence to and effectiveness of these measures. We developed an agent-based simulation model to theoretically explore the impact of health-related opinions on the effectiveness of lockdowns in controlling disease spread. We simulated these dynamics within a hypothetical population connected via a simplified contact network (Watts-Strogatz), incorporating feedback loops between disease prevalence, opinions, and behaviour, including ‘lockdown fatigue’. We explored different scenarios of lockdown implementation in our hypothetical population network by varying a threshold value of prevalence when a lockdown is initiated and the stringency of the lockdown. Our qualitative findings imply that quickly imposing a lockdown with high stringency is the most effective at reducing infection spread, provided that there is a certain degree of adherence to the lockdown among the population. Furthermore, stricter lockdowns minimize fatigue with respect to the imposed measures, since the duration of a lockdown is shorter on average in this scenario. These theoretical results imply that such lockdown policies might therefore be a beneficial, high-impact tool in containing epidemic spread, especially when supplemented by information interventions maintaining the adherence to lockdown measures.
AB - During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns were a widely used strategy to reduce disease transmission. However, there was much debate about the optimal level of strictness and duration of lockdowns. This study considers how lockdowns impact public health opinions, which in turn influence adherence to and effectiveness of these measures. We developed an agent-based simulation model to theoretically explore the impact of health-related opinions on the effectiveness of lockdowns in controlling disease spread. We simulated these dynamics within a hypothetical population connected via a simplified contact network (Watts-Strogatz), incorporating feedback loops between disease prevalence, opinions, and behaviour, including ‘lockdown fatigue’. We explored different scenarios of lockdown implementation in our hypothetical population network by varying a threshold value of prevalence when a lockdown is initiated and the stringency of the lockdown. Our qualitative findings imply that quickly imposing a lockdown with high stringency is the most effective at reducing infection spread, provided that there is a certain degree of adherence to the lockdown among the population. Furthermore, stricter lockdowns minimize fatigue with respect to the imposed measures, since the duration of a lockdown is shorter on average in this scenario. These theoretical results imply that such lockdown policies might therefore be a beneficial, high-impact tool in containing epidemic spread, especially when supplemented by information interventions maintaining the adherence to lockdown measures.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105025225667
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0338818
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0338818
M3 - Article
C2 - 41417828
AN - SCOPUS:105025225667
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 20
JO - PLoS ONE
JF - PLoS ONE
IS - 12
M1 - e0338818
ER -