Fused Omics Data Models Reveal Gut Microbiome Signatures Specific of Inactive Stage of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Pediatric Patients

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between the gut microbiome (GM) and disease phenotype by an integrated omics fused approach. In a multicenter, observational cohort study, stools from Italian JIA patients were collected at baseline, active, and inactive disease stages, and their GM compared to healthy controls (CTRLs). The microbiota metabolome was analyzed to detect volatile- and non-volatile organic compounds (VOCs); the data were fused with operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from 16S RNA targeted-metagenomics and classified by chemometric models. Non-VOCs did not characterize JIA patients nor JIA activity stages compared to CTRLs. The core of VOCs, (Ethanol, Methyl-isobutyl-ketone, 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone and Phenol) characterized patients at baseline and inactive disease stages, while the OTUs represented by Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiacea discriminated between JIA inactive stage and CTRLs. No differences were highlighted amongst JIA activity stages. Finally, the fused data discriminated inactive and baseline stages versus CTRLs, based on the contribution of the invariant core of VOCs while Ruminococcaceae concurred for the inactive stage versus CTRLs comparison. In conclusion, the GM signatures enabled to distinguish the inactive disease stage from CTRLs.