Experimental models of sarcoidosis: where are we now?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sarcoidosis remains a mysterious disease that presents many challenges both in pathogenetic understanding and in the management of patients. This review presents experimental models for sarcoidosis developed since 2016 and discusses their strengths and weaknesses and how they have contributed to the understanding and therapeutic approaches in this disease. In addition, future directions are proposed to overcome the limitations of current models. RECENT FINDINGS: New cellular models using infectious antigen as trigger, and transgenic models in mice have recently been developed to study signaling pathways potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. SUMMARY: No model fully reproduces sarcoidosis, but most of them generate data supporting key concepts and some open up therapeutic perspectives, like mTOR inhibition or IL-1β blocking. However, there are still many limitations to these models, largely related to the complexity of sarcoidosis, which might be overcome with new technologies, such as mathematical modeling.