Effects of maternal probiotic exposure during pregnancy and lactation on the mother and infant

Because probiotic foods and supplements are rapidly increasing in popularity, their effects during pregnancy and lactation demand careful attention. This systematic literature review discusses the effects of perinatal probiotic exposure on gut microbiota, the immune system, and nutrient utilization in both the mother and infant. It was found that maternal exposure to probiotics is particularly important in the development of gut microbiota in infants who are delivered by caesarian section or who are formula-fed Meta-analyses were performed on outcomes related to the immune system. The meta-analyses show that probiotic consumption during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of atopic dermatitis in infants. Studies also suggest that maternal probiotic exposure reduces the risk of gestational diabetes and increases the availability of nutrients that the fetus needs for development such as folates and essential fatty acids. Because allergic and metabolic diseases are on the rise and probiotics may be preventative in both of these areas, perinatal exposure to probiotics demands further investigation. The majority of studies suggest that prenatal exposure is more effective than infant exposure. Future research should focus on maternal exposure and should look at dietary sources of probiotics and prebiotics instead of supplements.