TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on mortality by COVID-19 and on mortality by other causes, the Netherlands, January 2021–January 2022
AU - de Gier, Brechje
AU - van Asten, Liselotte
AU - Boere, Tjarda M.
AU - van Roon, Annika
AU - van Roekel, Caren
AU - Pijpers, Joyce
AU - van Werkhoven, C. H.Henri
AU - van den Ende, Caroline
AU - Hahné, Susan J.M.
AU - de Melker, Hester E.
AU - Knol, Mirjam J.
AU - van den Hof, Susan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/7/12
Y1 - 2023/7/12
N2 - Background: We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 mortality, and to explore whether an increased risk of non-COVID-19 mortality exists in the weeks following a COVID-19 vaccine dose. Methods: National registries of causes of death, COVID-19 vaccination, specialized health care and long-term care reimbursements were linked by a unique person identifier using data from 1 January 2021 to 31 January 2022. We used Cox regression with calendar time as underlying time scale to, firstly, estimate VE against COVID-19 mortality after primary and first booster vaccination, per month since vaccination and, secondly, estimate risk of non-COVID-19 mortality in the 5 or 8 weeks following a first, second or first booster dose, adjusting for birth year, sex, medical risk group and country of origin. Results: VE against COVID-19 mortality was > 90 % for all age groups two months after completion of the primary series. VE gradually decreased thereafter, to around 80 % at 7–8 months post-primary series for most groups, and around 60 % for elderly receiving a high level of long-term care and for people aged 90+ years. Following a first booster dose, the VE increased to > 85 % in all groups. The risk of non-COVID-19 mortality was lower or similar in the 5 or 8 weeks following a first dose compared to no vaccination, as well as following a second dose compared to one dose and a booster compared to two doses, for all age and long-term care groups. Conclusion: At the population level, COVID-19 vaccination greatly reduced the risk of COVID-19 mortality and no increased risk of death from other causes was observed.
AB - Background: We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 mortality, and to explore whether an increased risk of non-COVID-19 mortality exists in the weeks following a COVID-19 vaccine dose. Methods: National registries of causes of death, COVID-19 vaccination, specialized health care and long-term care reimbursements were linked by a unique person identifier using data from 1 January 2021 to 31 January 2022. We used Cox regression with calendar time as underlying time scale to, firstly, estimate VE against COVID-19 mortality after primary and first booster vaccination, per month since vaccination and, secondly, estimate risk of non-COVID-19 mortality in the 5 or 8 weeks following a first, second or first booster dose, adjusting for birth year, sex, medical risk group and country of origin. Results: VE against COVID-19 mortality was > 90 % for all age groups two months after completion of the primary series. VE gradually decreased thereafter, to around 80 % at 7–8 months post-primary series for most groups, and around 60 % for elderly receiving a high level of long-term care and for people aged 90+ years. Following a first booster dose, the VE increased to > 85 % in all groups. The risk of non-COVID-19 mortality was lower or similar in the 5 or 8 weeks following a first dose compared to no vaccination, as well as following a second dose compared to one dose and a booster compared to two doses, for all age and long-term care groups. Conclusion: At the population level, COVID-19 vaccination greatly reduced the risk of COVID-19 mortality and no increased risk of death from other causes was observed.
KW - COVID-19
KW - Mortality
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Vaccine effectiveness
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85162128945&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.005
DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.005
M3 - Article
C2 - 37328352
AN - SCOPUS:85162128945
SN - 0264-410X
VL - 41
SP - 4488
EP - 4496
JO - Vaccine
JF - Vaccine
IS - 31
M1 - doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.005
ER -