TY - JOUR
T1 - Dynamic association of antimicrobial resistance in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae between primary care and hospital settings in the Netherlands (2008–2020)
T2 - a population-based study
AU - Martínez, Evelyn Pamela
AU - Verbon, Annelies
AU - Schoffelen, Annelot F.
AU - Altorf-van der Kuil, Wieke
AU - van Rosmalen, Joost
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s)
PY - 2025/3
Y1 - 2025/3
N2 - Background: It is unclear whether changes in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in primary care influence AMR in hospital settings. Therefore, we investigated the dynamic association of AMR between primary care and hospitals. Methods: We studied resistance percentages of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim submitted by primary care, hospital outpatient and hospital inpatient settings to the Dutch National AMR surveillance network (ISIS-AR) from 2008 to 2020. For each bacterium–antibiotic combination, we first conducted multivariable logistic regressions to calculate AMR odds ratios (ORs) by month and healthcare setting, adjusted for patient-related factors and a time term. Second, multiple time series analysis was done using vector autoregressive models including the (log) ORs for each bacterium–antibiotic combination. Models were interpreted by impulse response functions and Granger-causality tests. Findings: The main AMR association was unidirectional from primary care to hospital settings with Granger-causality p-values between <0.0001 and 0.029. Depending on the bacterium–antibiotic combination, a 1% increase of AMR in E. coli and K. pneumoniae in primary care leads to an increase of AMR in hospital settings ranging from 0.10% to 0.40%. For ciprofloxacin resistance in K. pneumoniae, we found significant bidirectional associations between all healthcare settings with Granger-causality p-values between <0.0001 and 0.0075. Interpretation: For the majority of bacterium–antibiotic combinations, the main AMR association was from primary care to hospital settings. These results underscore the importance of antibiotic stewardship at the community level. Funding: ISIS-AR is supported by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport of the Netherlands and the first author by the Central University of Ecuador to follow a PhD program in Erasmus MC.
AB - Background: It is unclear whether changes in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in primary care influence AMR in hospital settings. Therefore, we investigated the dynamic association of AMR between primary care and hospitals. Methods: We studied resistance percentages of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim submitted by primary care, hospital outpatient and hospital inpatient settings to the Dutch National AMR surveillance network (ISIS-AR) from 2008 to 2020. For each bacterium–antibiotic combination, we first conducted multivariable logistic regressions to calculate AMR odds ratios (ORs) by month and healthcare setting, adjusted for patient-related factors and a time term. Second, multiple time series analysis was done using vector autoregressive models including the (log) ORs for each bacterium–antibiotic combination. Models were interpreted by impulse response functions and Granger-causality tests. Findings: The main AMR association was unidirectional from primary care to hospital settings with Granger-causality p-values between <0.0001 and 0.029. Depending on the bacterium–antibiotic combination, a 1% increase of AMR in E. coli and K. pneumoniae in primary care leads to an increase of AMR in hospital settings ranging from 0.10% to 0.40%. For ciprofloxacin resistance in K. pneumoniae, we found significant bidirectional associations between all healthcare settings with Granger-causality p-values between <0.0001 and 0.0075. Interpretation: For the majority of bacterium–antibiotic combinations, the main AMR association was from primary care to hospital settings. These results underscore the importance of antibiotic stewardship at the community level. Funding: ISIS-AR is supported by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport of the Netherlands and the first author by the Central University of Ecuador to follow a PhD program in Erasmus MC.
KW - Antimicrobial resistance
KW - General practitioners
KW - Granger causality
KW - Health care settings
KW - Multiple time series
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85213845844&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101197
DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101197
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85213845844
SN - 2666-7762
VL - 50
JO - The Lancet Regional Health - Europe
JF - The Lancet Regional Health - Europe
M1 - 101197
ER -