TY - JOUR
T1 - Detecting low blood concentrations in joints using T1 and T2 mapping at 1.5, 3, and 7 T
T2 - an in vitro study
AU - van Leeuwen, Flora H P
AU - Lena, Beatrice
AU - Zwanenburg, Jaco J M
AU - van Vulpen, Lize F D
AU - Bartels, Lambertus W
AU - Fischer, Kathelijn
AU - Nap, Frank J
AU - de Jong, Pim A
AU - Bos, Clemens
AU - Foppen, Wouter
N1 - Funding Information:
This research is supported by the Young Researchers Grant from the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/12/2
Y1 - 2021/12/2
N2 - BACKGROUND: Intra-articular blood causes irreversible joint damage, whilst clinical differentiation between haemorrhagic joint effusion and other effusions can be challenging. An accurate non-invasive method for the detection of joint bleeds is lacking. The aims of this phantom study were to investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 and T2 mapping allows for differentiation between simple and haemorrhagic joint effusion and to determine the lowest blood concentration that can be detected.METHODS: Solutions of synovial fluid with blood concentrations ranging from 0 to 100% were scanned at 1.5, 3, and 7 T. T1 maps were generated with an inversion recovery technique and T2 maps from multi spin-echo sequences. In both cases, the scan acquisition times were below 5 min. Regions of interest were manually drawn by two observers in the obtained T1 and T2 maps for each sample. The lowest detectable blood concentration was determined for all field strengths.RESULTS: At all field strengths, T1 and T2 relaxation times decreased with higher blood concentrations. The lowest detectable blood concentrations using T1 mapping were 10% at 1.5 T, 25% at 3 T, and 50% at 7 T. For T2 mapping, the detection limits were 50%, 5%, and 25%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: T1 and T2 mapping can detect different blood concentrations in synovial fluid in vitro at clinical field strengths. Especially, T2 measurements at 3 T showed to be highly sensitive. Short acquisition times would make these methods suitable for clinical use and therefore might be promising tools for accurate discrimination between simple and haemorrhagic joint effusion in vivo.
AB - BACKGROUND: Intra-articular blood causes irreversible joint damage, whilst clinical differentiation between haemorrhagic joint effusion and other effusions can be challenging. An accurate non-invasive method for the detection of joint bleeds is lacking. The aims of this phantom study were to investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 and T2 mapping allows for differentiation between simple and haemorrhagic joint effusion and to determine the lowest blood concentration that can be detected.METHODS: Solutions of synovial fluid with blood concentrations ranging from 0 to 100% were scanned at 1.5, 3, and 7 T. T1 maps were generated with an inversion recovery technique and T2 maps from multi spin-echo sequences. In both cases, the scan acquisition times were below 5 min. Regions of interest were manually drawn by two observers in the obtained T1 and T2 maps for each sample. The lowest detectable blood concentration was determined for all field strengths.RESULTS: At all field strengths, T1 and T2 relaxation times decreased with higher blood concentrations. The lowest detectable blood concentrations using T1 mapping were 10% at 1.5 T, 25% at 3 T, and 50% at 7 T. For T2 mapping, the detection limits were 50%, 5%, and 25%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: T1 and T2 mapping can detect different blood concentrations in synovial fluid in vitro at clinical field strengths. Especially, T2 measurements at 3 T showed to be highly sensitive. Short acquisition times would make these methods suitable for clinical use and therefore might be promising tools for accurate discrimination between simple and haemorrhagic joint effusion in vivo.
KW - Haemarthrosis
KW - Image interpretation (computer-assisted)
KW - Magnetic resonance imaging
KW - Phantoms (imaging)
KW - Synovial fluid
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85120732881&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1186/s41747-021-00251-z
DO - 10.1186/s41747-021-00251-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 34853955
SN - 2509-9280
VL - 5
JO - European radiology experimental
JF - European radiology experimental
IS - 1
M1 - 51
ER -