TY - JOUR
T1 - Are our diets getting healthier and more sustainable?
T2 - Insights from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition - Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort
AU - Biesbroek, Sander
AU - Verschuren, Wm Monique
AU - Boer, Jolanda Ma
AU - van der Schouw, Yvonne T
AU - Sluijs, Ivonne
AU - Temme, Elisabeth Hm
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements: The EPIC-NL cohort was supported by the ‘Europe against Cancer’ Programme of the European Commission (DG-SANCO); the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs; the Dutch Cancer Society; ZonMw (the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development); and the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF). Financial support: This project was funded by a research grant from the Strategic Program of the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) (project code: S133006). RIVM funders had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Authorship: S.B., W.M.M.W. and E.H.M.T. designed the research; S.B. conducted the research and analysed the data; J.M.A.B., Y.T.v.d.S. and I.S. provided valuable input on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: These cohort studies were conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human participants were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Medical Centre Utrecht and the Medical Ethical Committee of TNO Nutrition and Food Research. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgements: The EPIC-NL cohort was supported by the 'Europe against Cancer' Programme of the European Commission (DG-SANCO); the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs; the Dutch Cancer Society; ZonMw (the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development); and the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF). Financial support: This project was funded by a research grant from the Strategic Program of the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) (project code: S133006). RIVM funders had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Authorship: S.B., W.M.M.W. and E.H.M.T. designed the research; S.B. conducted the research and analysed the data; J.M.A.B., Y.T.v.d.S. and I.S. provided valuable input on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: These cohort studies were conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human participants were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Medical Centre Utrecht and the Medical Ethical Committee of TNO Nutrition and Food Research. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors.
PY - 2019/11
Y1 - 2019/11
N2 - OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in dietary quality, dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and food consumption over 20 years in a Dutch cohort.DESIGN: Participants (n 8932) filled out an FFQ in 1993-1997 and in 2015. The Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) score, GHG emissions and consumption of food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) were compared between the time points with paired t tests.SETTING: The Netherlands.PARTICIPANTS: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition - Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort, aged 18-65 years at baseline.RESULTS: Total energy intake decreased by -678 (95 % CI -4908, 3377) kJ/d (-162 (95 % CI -1173, 807) kcal/d) for men and -372 (95 % CI -3820, 3130) kJ/d (-89 (95 % CI -913, 748) kcal/d) for women. DHD15-index scores increased by 11 % (from 64·8 to 71·9 points) and 13 % (from 65·2 to 73·6 points) in men and women, respectively (P < 0·0001), mainly due to an increased (shell)fish and nuts/seeds/nut paste consumption. After energy intake adjustment, dietary-related GHG emissions increased by 5 % in men (2·48-2·61 kg CO2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P < 0·0001) and were similar in women (0·4 %, 2·70-2·71 kg CO2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P = 0·3930) due to the increased consumption of (shell)fish, nuts/seeds/nut paste, poultry and higher GHG-intensive red meats such as beef.CONCLUSIONS: This Dutch cohort analyses showed more healthy diets without mitigated GHG emissions over a 20-year period, at similar energy intakes. Higher consumption of (shell)fish and poultry was not yet at the expense of red and processed meat. Lower consumption of animal-based foods is needed to achieve healthier as well as environmentally friendly diets.
AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in dietary quality, dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and food consumption over 20 years in a Dutch cohort.DESIGN: Participants (n 8932) filled out an FFQ in 1993-1997 and in 2015. The Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) score, GHG emissions and consumption of food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) were compared between the time points with paired t tests.SETTING: The Netherlands.PARTICIPANTS: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition - Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort, aged 18-65 years at baseline.RESULTS: Total energy intake decreased by -678 (95 % CI -4908, 3377) kJ/d (-162 (95 % CI -1173, 807) kcal/d) for men and -372 (95 % CI -3820, 3130) kJ/d (-89 (95 % CI -913, 748) kcal/d) for women. DHD15-index scores increased by 11 % (from 64·8 to 71·9 points) and 13 % (from 65·2 to 73·6 points) in men and women, respectively (P < 0·0001), mainly due to an increased (shell)fish and nuts/seeds/nut paste consumption. After energy intake adjustment, dietary-related GHG emissions increased by 5 % in men (2·48-2·61 kg CO2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P < 0·0001) and were similar in women (0·4 %, 2·70-2·71 kg CO2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P = 0·3930) due to the increased consumption of (shell)fish, nuts/seeds/nut paste, poultry and higher GHG-intensive red meats such as beef.CONCLUSIONS: This Dutch cohort analyses showed more healthy diets without mitigated GHG emissions over a 20-year period, at similar energy intakes. Higher consumption of (shell)fish and poultry was not yet at the expense of red and processed meat. Lower consumption of animal-based foods is needed to achieve healthier as well as environmentally friendly diets.
KW - 20 year
KW - Diet
KW - Dutch cohort
KW - Environmental impact
KW - Nutritional quality
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85070109611&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1017/S1368980019001824
DO - 10.1017/S1368980019001824
M3 - Article
C2 - 31362803
SN - 1368-9800
VL - 22
SP - 2931
EP - 2940
JO - Public Health Nutrition
JF - Public Health Nutrition
IS - 16
ER -