Antibodies and complement enhance binding and uptake of HIV-1 by human monocytes

Objective: To characterize antibody- and complement-mediated binding and uptake of HIV-1 by human monocytes. Design: The first step in the infection of the monocyte by HIV-1 is binding of the virus to the susceptible cell. Procedures were designed to assess the influence of anti-HIV-1 antibodies and complement on this binding, and to study the process of internalization following binding. Methods: Human monocytes were incubated with fluorescein-labelled purified HTLV-III(B) virions and human sera with high-titre anti-HIV-1 antibodies and/or complement. Binding and uptake of virus by the monocytes was measured as fluorescence per cell by flow cytometry. Results: Binding of purified HIV-1 to monocytes was increased by complement and, to a lesser extent, by anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Uptake of HIV-1 bound to the monocyte appeared to be mediated by antibodies and was increased further by the presence of complement. Complement alone, however, resulted in the uptake of only a small part of the bound virus. Conclusions: Complement significantly increases the binding of HIV-1 to human monocytes, and a combination of antibodies and complement efficiently mediates uptake of HIV-1 by monocytes.