Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for therapy-related myeloid neoplasms arising following treatment for multiple myeloma: a retrospective study on behalf of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the EBMT

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) are a complication of multiple myeloma (MM) treatment. Our retrospective, EBMT registry study included 157 such patients allografted (allo-HCT) between 2006 and 2018. Most patients (130) had a prior autologous HCT. Fifty-seven (36.4%) were transplanted for t-AML and 100 (63.6%) for t-MDS. Median times from MM and t-MN diagnoses to allo-HCT were 72.6 (interquartile range (IQR), 46.1–102.9) and 6.4 (IQR, 3.9–9.4) months. Fifty-eight (38.4%) t-MN patients were in complete remission (CR) at allo-HCT predominantly conditioned with reduced intensity (70.3%). With a median follow-up of 64.9 (95% CI: 39–76) months, relapse incidence (RI) from MM at 1 and 5 years was 4% (0–10%) and 12% (2–22%), respectively, with few deaths (n = 3) only due to MM disease progression, whereas t-MN RI and non-relapse mortality (NRM) at 1 and 5 years were 35% (95% CI 28–43%) and 45% (95% CI: 36–53%) and 20% (95% CI 13–26%) and 31% (95% CI: 23–39%). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) estimates at 1 and 5 years were 55% (95% CI: 47–63%) and 27% (95% CI: 19–35%) and 45% (95% CI 36–53%) and 24% (95% CI 16–32%). Older (>65 years) t-MN patients with high-risk cytogenetics do not benefit from allo-HCT.